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Keywords

Access as Outcome (AAO), System Coherence Conditions (SCC), Philanthropy Evaluation, Access-Based Interventions, Utilization Analytics, Governance and accountability, Administrative Burden

Abstract

This article introduces a two-layer evaluation model for philanthropic and development decision-making in access-based interventions. The first layer treats Access as Outcome (AAO) as a recognized outcome when essential goods, services or resources are delivered through a viable delivery pathway, without requiring post-access utilization or compliance to validate legitimacy. The second layer evaluates post-access variation through System Coherence Conditions (SCC), defined as internal alignment across governance and decision-making, distribution and logistics, social accountability and norms, and scarcity management and continuity, which explain differences in utilization, continuity, and downstream effects as signals of system coherence rather than as retroactive worthiness thresholds. The model clarifies a persistent category error in competitive funding environments where post-access behavioral metrics are elevated to outcome status and used to condition funding decisions, despite functioning primarily as program management and learning inputs. Methodologically, the article is conceptual and analytic. It synthesizes evaluation and accountability literature and applies the model through standardized test condition types to show how AAO and SCC separate legitimacy from post-access variance while improving evaluative precision. The framework clarifies evaluative architecture, strengthens decision coherence in funding decisions, and provides a practical model that can be applied across low-infrastructure and high-constraint implementation settings without implying impact attribution.

Additional Files
Two-Layer Evaluation Model AAO-SCC Figure 1.pdf (281 kB)
Two-Layer Evaluation Model AAO-SCC Figure 1.pdf
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