Keywords

group work, virtual teamwork, cooperative learning, distance education, face-to-face learning

Abstract

Group work has been a powerful instructional method used in face-to-face learning environments. To date, group work has not reached the same prominence in distance learning environments where there is a strong emphasis on independent or individualistic learning. This may be due in part to the perceived difficulty of engaging students in working together at a distance, as well as a general lack of knowledge about the factors that contribute to effective virtual group work. This paper reviews the literature related to creating effective learning groups in face-to-face and virtual environments. Research from the following four areas was used: cooperative learning, computer-mediated communication (CMC), organizational development, and group dynamics. While the research related to face-to-face group work is abundant, there is a need for more research focusing on virtual teamwork. The review highlights major themes prevalent in the literature related to using groups effectively for learning. Important factors that are reviewed include: creating the groups, structuring the learning activities, and facilitating group interactions.

Original Publication Citation

Graham, C. R. (2002). Factors for effective learning groups in face-to-face and virtual environments. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 3(3), 307-319.