Keywords

GLP-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, cost-effectiveness, medication adherence, glycemic control

Abstract

Purpose: This clinical paper evaluates the efficacy and cost of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Introduction: T2DM is a rapidly growing global epidemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. GLP-1RAs have meaningful glycemic outcomes; however, high acquisition costs raise concerns regarding affordability and adherence in diabetes management.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025. Randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies, cost-effectiveness analyses, and clinical guidelines evaluating efficacy, safety, and economic impact were included. Retail pricing data were supplemented using GoodRx to reflect current prices.

Results: All GLP-1RAs demonstrated clinically meaningful HbA1c reductions. Tirzepatide and injectable semaglutide produced the greatest reductions, ranging from 1.4% to 2.3%, while liraglutide and oral semaglutide showed more modest improvements. Monthly cash prices from GoodRx ranged from approximately $380 to over $1,300. Higher cost did not consistently correspond to greater clinical benefit.

Discussion: GLP-1RAs provide substantial glycemic efficacy and additional cardiovascular and renal benefits; however, cost and tolerability significantly influence use. Careful evaluation of efficacy and affordability is essential to support evidence-based prescribing and promote glycemic control.

Keywords: GLP-1 receptor agonists, type 2 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, cost-effectiveness, medication adherence, glycemic control

Document Type

Peer-Reviewed Article

Publication Date

2026-05-05

Language

English

College

Nursing

Department

Nursing

University Standing at Time of Publication

Graduate Student

Download

Available for download on Friday, May 05, 2028

Included in

Nursing Commons

Share

COinS