Keywords

relationship, childhood trauma, romantic relationships, attachment styles, alexithymia, emotional regulation, anxious, avoidant, coping mechanisms, adult relationships

Abstract

This literature review explores the long-term psychological effects of childhood trauma on adult relationships. Drawing on empirical studies and theoretical frameworks such as attachment theory and the intergenerational transmission of trauma, the review uses findings from recent research on how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) shape adult relationship dynamics. Through a mixed-methods approach, electronic searches were conducted using databases such as PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar to identify relevant literature on the psychological effects of childhood trauma on adult relationships. Specifically, the paper examines three interconnected domains: attachment styles, emotional regulation, and relationship satisfaction. The reviewed literature reveals a consistent association between childhood trauma and the development of insecure attachment patterns, emotional dysregulation, and diminished relational well-being. Insecure attachment and impaired emotion regulation were frequently identified as key mediators between early trauma and adult relational difficulties. The review takes findings from both qualitative and quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2024, highlighting common trends and notable gaps in the current body of research. The analysis underscores the importance of trauma-informed therapeutic interventions, such as Emotionally Focused Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy, in mitigating the relational consequences of childhood trauma. Limitations of existing studies—including reliance on self-reported data and lack of cultural diversity—are discussed, along with recommendations for future research on the mechanisms underlying trauma’s long-term relational impact.