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Keywords

Substance abuse, Alcohol, Youth, Africa, South Africa, Southern Africa

Abstract

South Africa is one of the riskiest drinking countries in the world, and its youth show some of the highest alcohol and substance abuse rates in the nation. In recent years, consumption rates among South African youth have increased while the average age of first use has decreased. This has led to higher levels of binge drinking, addiction, and dependency. This paper explores the root causes and long-term consequences of this growing issue. It argues that three primary factors — early and frequent exposure, poor governmental regulation, and the use of substances as a coping mechanism — have created a culture where substance abuse is common among youth. Drawing from recent studies and national surveys, it examines how family influence, peer pressure, community norms, and media shape youth behavior and attitudes toward alcohol and drugs. The paper also considers the lasting effects of apartheid-era policies that normalized alcohol use in certain communities, especially among Black South African males. The consequences of substance abuse appear in risky sexual behavior, physical and mental health decline, and increased criminal involvement. These outcomes limit opportunities for youth and deepen cycles of harm. While many prevention efforts focus on education, programs like SANCA’s Ke-Moja have shown mixed results. These programs can improve knowledge and attitudes but often struggle to change behavior unless they are introduced early, well-funded, tailored to local communities, and led by relatable instructors. This research highlights the urgent need for youth-oriented solutions that address both the systemic and personal factors driving alcohol and substance abuse in South Africa.

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